Job Mismatch and Overeducation among Graduates in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52962/ipjaf.2019.3.4.87Keywords:
overeducation, job analyst method, graduates, job mismatch, educationAbstract
The supply of young graduates entering Malaysia labour market due to the expansion in higher education undergone a sharp increase. A consequence of this is an increase in the number of individuals who are unemployed and doing jobs with low income and depressing job environment. In other words, they are doing jobs that do not commensurate to their level of educational qualifications or referred to as overeducation. By using a Job Analyst Method, which is one of the frequent methods used to measure overeducation and data from Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) published by the Ministry of Education Malaysia from 2012 - 2017, this paper provides a descriptive analysis on the extent of overeducation among graduates. The result highlights that the percentage of overeducated graduates keep on increasing, and the majority of them engaged in the labour market as clerks and sales workers.
Downloads
References
Abbas, Q. (2008). Over-education and under-education and their effects on Earnings: Evidence from Pakistan, 1998-2004. SAARC Journal on Human Resource Development, 109-125.
Alba-Ramirez, A. (1993). Mismatch in the Spanish labor market. Overeducation? The Journal of Human Resources, 28(2), 259-278.
Allen, J., & De Weert, E. (2007). What do educational mismatches tell us about mismatches? A cross country analysis. European Journal of Education, 42(1), 59-73.
Allen, J., & Van der Velden, R. (2001). Educational mismatches versus skill mismatches: effects on wages, job satisfaction, and on-the-job search. Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 434-452.
Barcena-Martin, E., Budria, S., & Egido, A. (2011). Skill mismatches and wages among European university graduates. (MRPA Paper No. 33673, 2011). Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33673/
Battu, H., Belfield, C., & Sloane, P. (2000). How well can we measure graduate overeducation and its effects? National Institute Economic Review, 171, 82–93.
Boll, C., Leppin, J. S. & Schömann, K. (2016). Who is overeducated and why? Probit and dynamic mixed multinomial logit analyses of vertical mismatch in East and West Germany, Education Economics, 24, (6), 639–662. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2016.1158787.
Boudarbat, B., & Chernoff, V. (2012). Education–job match among recent Canadian university graduates. Applied Economics Letters, 19(18), 1923–1926.
Bu¨chel, F., & Pollmann-Schult, M. (2004). Overeducation and human capital endowments. International Journal of Manpower, 25(2), 150–166.
Bla´zquez, M., & Budrı´a, S. (2012). Overeducation dynamics and personality, Education Economics, 20(3), 260–283.
Blenkinsopp, J., & Scurry, T. (2011). Under-employment among recent graduates: a review of the literature. Personnel Review, 40(5), 643-659.
Department of Labour Peninsular Malaysia. (2013). Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupations (MASCO) 2013. Ministry of Human Resources. Retrieved from jtksm.mohr.gov.my/en/sumber-sumber/penerbitan/garis-panduan/814-malaysia-standard-classification-of-occupations-masco-2013.
Farooq, S. (2011). Mismatch between education and occupation : A case study of Pakistani graduates. The Pakistan Development Review, 50(4).
Feldman, D. C. (1996). The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management, 22, 385-407.
Figueiredo, H., Biscaia, R., Rocha, V. & Teixeira, P. (2017). Should we start worrying? Mass higher education, skill demand and the increasingly complex landscape of young graduates’ employment. Studies in Higher Education, 42(8), 1401–1420. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1101754
Frei, C., & Sousa-Poza, A. (2012). Overqualification: permanent or transitory? Applied Economics, 44(14), 1837–1847.
Frenette, M. (2004). The overqualified Canadian graduate: the role of the academic program in the incidence, persistence, and economic returns to overqualification. Economics of Education Review, 23(1), 29–45.
Friedland, D. S., & Price, R. H. (2003). Underemployment: consequences for the health and well-being of workers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1-2), 33–45. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14570433
Gajderowicz, T., Grotkowska, G., & Wincenciak, L. (2014). Graduates’ job satisfaction across domains of study. International Journal of Manpower, 35(4), 470-499.
Garcia-Espejo, I., & Ibanez, M. (2006). Educational-skill mismatches and labor market achievements among graduates in Spain. European Sociological Review, 22(2), 141-156.
Green, F., McIntosh, S., & Vignoles, A. (2002). The utilization of education and skills: Evidence from Britain. The Manchester School, 70(6), 792-811.
Groot, W., & Maassen van den Brink, H. (2000). Skill mismatches in the Dutch labor market. International Journal of Manpower, 21(8), 584-596.
Halaby, C. (1994). Overeducation and skill mismatch. Sociology of Education, 67(1), 47-59.
International Labor Organization. (2013). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013 | A generation at risk. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/ youth/2013/lang-en/index.htm
Ishak Yussof, Rahmah Ismail & Robiah Sidin. (2008). Graduan dan alam pekerjaan: Kes siswazah UKM. Akademika, 72, 3-24.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2019). Kajian Pengesanan Graduan 2012. Retrieved from http://www.mohe.gov.my
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2019). Kajian Pengesanan Graduan 2013. Retrieved from http://www.mohe.gov.my
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2019). Kajian Pengesanan Graduan 2014. Retrieved from http://www.mohe.gov.my
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2019). Kajian Pengesanan Graduan 2015. Retrieved from http://www.mohe.gov.my
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2019). Kajian Pengesanan Graduan 2016. Retrieved from http://www.mohe.gov.my
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2019). Kajian Pengesanan Graduan 2017. Retrieved from http://www.mohe.gov.my
Kiker, B. F., Santos, M. C., & De Oliveira, M. (1997). Overeducation and undereducation: Evidence for Portugal. Economics of Education Review, 16(2), 111-125.
Kucel, A. (2011). Ensayo bibliográfico: Literature Survey of the Incidence of Over-education: A Sociological Approach, Reis, 134, 125–142. Retrieved from http://reis.cis.es/REIS/PDF/Reis_134_061302519925436.pdf
Li, F., Morgan, W. J., & Ding, X. (2008). The expansion of higher education, employment and over-education in China. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(6), 687-697.
Lim, H. E. (2013). Overeducation and happiness in the Malaysian graduate labour market. International Journal of Business and Society, 14(1), 93-110.
Linsley, I. (2005). Causes of overeducation in the Australian labor market. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 8(2), 121 - 143.
McGuiness, S. (2003). Graduate overeducation as a sheepskin effect: evidence from Northern Ireland. Applied Economics, 35, 597-608.
McKee-Ryan, F. M., & Harvey, J. (2011). “I Have a Job, But . . .”: A Review of Underemployment. Journal of Management, 37(4), 962–996.
Mehta, A., Felipe, J., Quising, P., & Camingue, S. (2011). Overeducation in developing economies: How can we test for it, and what does it mean? Economics of Education Review, 30(6), 1334– 1347.
Ortiz, L. (2010). Not the right job, but a secure one: over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain. Work, Employment & Society, 24(1), 47–64.
Piper, A. (2015). Heaven knows I’m miserable now: overeducation and reduced life satisfaction. Education Economics, 23(6), 677–692, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2013.870981
Quinn, M. A., & Rubb, S. (2006). Mexico's labor market: The importance of education-occupation matching on wages and productivity in developing countries. Economics of Education Review, 25(2), 147-156
Rahona-López, M., & Pérez-Esparrells, C. (2013). Educational attainment and educational mismatch in the first employment in Spain. Hindawi Publishing Corporation ISRN Education.
Robert, P. (2014). Job mismatch in early career of graduates under post-communism. International Journal of Manpower, 35(4), 500-513.
Robst, J. (2007). Education and job match: The relatedness of college major and work. Economics of Education Review, 26(4), 397–407.
Robst, J. (2008). Overeducation and college major: Expanding the definition of mismatch between schooling and jobs. Manchester School, 76(4), 349-368.
Rubb, S. (2014). Factors influencing the likelihood of overeducation: A bivariate probit with sample selection framework. Education Economics, 22(2), 181–208.
Sicherman, N. (1991). “Overeducation” in the labor market. Journal of Labor Economics, 9(2), 101-122.
Sloane, P. J. (2007). Policy forum: Education and skill mismatches in the labour market. Overeducation in the United Kingdom. The Australian Economic Review, 40(3), 286–291.
Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi. (2018). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/laporan-dan-statistik/pendidikan-tinggi/buku-perangkaan/2018-10Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi.
Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi. (2003). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/laporan-dan-statistik/pendidikan-tinggi/buku-perangkaan/2018-10Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi.
Summerfield, F. & Theodossiou, I. (2017). The Effects of Macroeconomic Conditions At Graduation on Overeducation. Economic Inquiry, 55(3), 1370–1387, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12446.
Tarvid, A. (2013). Unobserved Heterogeneity in Overeducation Models: Is Personality More Important than Ability? Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 722–731. International Conference On Applied Economics (ICOAE) 2013.
Vaisey, S. (2006). Education and its discontents: Overqualification in America, 1972-2002. Social Forces, 85(2), 835-864.
Verdugo, R. R., & Verdugo, N. T. (1989). The impact of surplus schooling on earnings: Some additional findings. The Journal of Human Resources, 24(4), 629-643.
Verhaest, D., & Omey, E. (2010). The determinants of overeducation: different measures, different outcomes? International Journal of Manpower, 31(6), 608–625.
Voon, D., & Miller, P. W. (2005). Undereducation and overeducation in the Australian labour market. The Economic Record, 81(255), S22–S33.
Wald, S. (2005). The impact of overqualification on job search. International Journal of Manpower, 26(2), 140-156.
Wolbers, M. H. J. (2003). Job mismatches and their labour-market effects among school-leavers in Europe. European Sociological Review, 19(3), 249-266.
Worldbank. (n.d.). Worldbank Databank. Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx.
Yang, J., & Mayston, D. (2012). Impact of overeducation on wages in China. The Chinese Economy, 45(2), 65–89.
Zainizam Zakariya (2017). Job Mismatch and On-the-job Search Behavior Among University Graduates in Malaysia. Asian Economic Journal, 31(4), 355–379.
Zainizam Zakariya (2014). Wage effects of over-education and mismatch in Malaysia: A random effect approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 48(2), 3-17.
Zainizam Zakariya. (2013). Returns to education: What does over-education play? The Malaysian National Economic Conference (PERKEM)VIII (pp. 266-278). Kuantan, Pahang.
Zainizam Zakarya. (2012). Overeducation and overskilling in Malaysia. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of Aberdeen.
Zainizam Zakariya & Battu, H. (2013). The effects of overeducation on multiple job satisfaction towards enhancing individuals‘ well-being in Malaysia. Business and Management Quarterly Review, 4(3&4), 38-51.
Zainizam Zakariya, Norimah Rambeli @ Ramli, Normala Zulkiflee & Noor Fazlin Mohamed Noor (2014). Over-education and under-education in Malaysia: Does ethnicity matter? Proceeding of the Social Sciences Research ICSSR (e-ISBN 978-967-11768-7-0), (pp. 498-516). Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
Zulkifli Osman & Hazrul Izwan Shahiri. (2013). Ketaksepadanan Pekerjaan dan Inflasi Pendidikan. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 47(2), 137-147.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Site users
Copyright of all articles published in the Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) belongs to their respective authors. Site users are permitted to download and print the articles for personal use. Further reproduction and/or distribution is not permitted, except for brief excerpts or quotations intended for inclusion in some other original works. In this case, proper attribution must be made to the author/copyright holder, and the place of publication must be acknowledged. Altering, editing or otherwise modifying the content of information obtained from the Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) is a breach of copyright.
Authors
While you retain the copyright of your original material, by publishing in the Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) , you will have agreed to the following contractual terms:
- The article is the original work of the stated author(s).
- The work has not been published previously.
- If the Article contains copyright material owned by others, written permission has been obtained from the copyright owner(s) to republish such material in any print or electronic medium and that you have included appropriate acknowledgement of such rights in the Article.
- The author agrees to grant a non-exclusive license to the Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) to communicate the work to the public.
- The Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) may use the article for publicity purposes.
- The Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) may publish the article on third-party sites.
- Any subsequent publication of the article by the authors will carry the acknowledgement: First published in the Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) [http://ipjaf.omjpalpha.com]
Disclaimer
The Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) has taken all reasonable measures to ensure that material contained in this website is the original work of the author(s). However, the Journal gives no warranty and accepts no responsibility for the accuracy or the completeness of the material; no reliance should be made by any user on the material. The user should check with the authors for confirmation.
Articles published in the Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF) do not represent the views held by the editors and members of the editorial board. Authors are responsible for all aspects of their articles except the editorial screen design.
